The historic recipe, as written
Modernising assumptions · all editable
These are judgement calls, not constants. Historic malt was less modified and lower-extract, efficiencies were lower, and old hops carried far less alpha acid than modern varieties. Defaults are reasonable for an 18th–19th c. recipe; change them to suit.
Tier I is exact arithmetic · Tier II is an estimate, not a clone
Sources: pre-1824 English measures · Bavarian & Prussian standards · Habsburg (Vienna) · Dutch/Flemish casks · Paris poids-de-marc · Imperial Russian · Swedish/Danish/Norwegian
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